Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl) carboxylic acid esters and amides as monomers and polymers and stabilized synthetic resin compositions

ABSTRACT

Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl) carboxylic acid esters and amides are provided, having a molecular weight within the range from about 800 to about 20,000, and derived from a monomer having the formula: ##STR1## wherein: R is alkylene or alkyleneoxy having from one to about six carbon atoms and m is 0 or 1; 
     R 1  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; oxyl; alkyl and hydroxyalkyl having from one to about eighteen carbon atoms; alkylaryl having from seven to about eighteen carbon atoms; epoxy alkyl having from three to about eighteen carbon atoms; and acyl having from two to about eighteen carbon atoms; and 
     Y is selected from the group consisting of ##STR2##  where R 2  and R 3  are hydrogen or alkyl having from one to about eight carbon atoms and n is 0 or 1; 
     Z is selected from the group consisting of ##STR3##  in which R 4 , R 5  and R 6  are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl having from one to about eighteen carbon atoms; cycloalkyl having from three to about twelve carbon atoms; and aryl having from six to about thirty carbon atoms; as well as stabilized synthetic resin compositions having an improved resistance to deterioration by light and containing such a polymer.

It is known that polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS resin, polyvinyl chloride and polyurethanes are subject to degradation when exposed to ultraviolet light, as evidenced by discoloration and a deterioration in mechanical strength.

Therefore, various kinds of light stabilizers have been proposed to prevent such deterioration. However, many conventional stabilizers are unsatisfactory, in their stabilizing effect or are unstable to heat and oxidation, or are extracted by water or organic solvents. Some conventional stabilizers impart color to the polymers.

Piperidine compounds do not impart color to the polymer, and act as quenchers, but many are unsatisfactory in their stabilizing effect, are volatilized out from the polymer at high temperature, and are extracted by water.

To avoid these difficulties, various high molecular weight hindered piperidine compounds have been proposed.

Cantatore U.S. Pat. No. 4,104,248 patented Aug. 1, 1978, discloses polyamines of the general formula: ##STR4## wherein R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are equal to or different from each other and are an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;

R₅ is either hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;

A is an alkylene group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms;

B is a divalent aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or alkylaromatic radical, containing optionally hetero atoms such as O, S, N and P in the chain or as side substituents; and

n is a whole number between 2 and 1000, these are said to exert a stabilizing action on polymers both as such as well as in the form of fibers, films, or other shaped articles.

Rody and Rasberger U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,412, patented Nov. 11, 1980, discloses condensation polymers and addition polymers, the recurrent molecular unit of which contains a polyalkylpiperidine radical of the formula ##STR5## or is substituted by a polyalkylpiperidine side group of the formula ##STR6## in which R denotes hydrogen or alkyl with 1-5 C atoms and R' denotes hydrogen, alkyl with 1-12 C atoms, alkenyl with 3-8 C atoms, alkinyl with 3-6 C atoms, aralkyl with 7-12 C atoms, alkanoyl with 1-8 C atoms or alkenoyl with 3-5 C atoms, and to copolymers with one another or with polyalkylpiperidine-free components.

Such condensation polymers and addition polymers include those polymers or oligomers which are manufactured by a polycondensation reaction or polyaddition reaction and possess hetero-atoms in the polymer chain. Examples of such polymers are polyesters, polyethers, polyamides, polyamines, polyurethanes, polyureas, polysulphides, polysulphores, polyimides, polysulphonates, polyphosphates, polyphosphonates, polysilyl esters, polysiloxanes, polyhydrazides, polyhydrazenes or polybenzimidazoles.

Karrer U.S. Pat. No. 4,294,949, patented Oct. 13, 1981, discloses homopolymeric compounds which carry N-heterocyclic rings in a side position and have the recurring structural unit of the formula I ##STR7## in which R₁ is a group containing an N-heterocyclic ring, of the formulae II, III, IV and V. ##STR8## in which R₅ is hydrogen, oxyl, C₁ -C₁₈ alkyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, C₃ -C₈ alkenyl, C₃ -C₆ alkynyl, C₇ -C₁₂ aralkyl, C₂ -C₂₁ alkoxyalkyl, an aliphatic acyl group having 1-4 C atoms or one of the groups --CH₂ COOR₇ or --COOR₈, in which R₇ is C₁ -C₁₂ alkyl, C₃ -C₈ alkenyl, phenyl, C₇ -C₈ aralkyl or cyclohexyl and R₈ is C₁ -C₁₂ alkyl, phenyl, benzyl or cyclohexyl, and R₆ is hydrogen or C₁ -C₄ alkyl and Y is --O-- or ##STR9## in which R₉ is hydrogen, C₁ -C₁₂ alkyl, C₇ -C₁₂ aralkyl or cyclohexyl, and X₁ is a group of the formula --O--CH(R₁₀)--CH₂ --(VI) or denotes --O--CH₂ --CH₂ --CH₂ --, in which R₁₀ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, phenoxymethyl or phenyl, and n is 0 or 1, and X₂ is a group of the formula VI, in which R₁₀ is as defined above, or a group of the formula --O--CH₂ --CH(OH)--CH₂ --(VII), and m is 0 or 1, and R₁₁ is C₁ -C₁₈ alkyl or is cyclohexyl, phenyl or benzyl which are unsubstituted or substituted by C₁ -C₄ alkyl or C₁ -C₄ alkoxy, and R₂ is hydrogen or C₁ -C₄ alkyl, and, if R₂ and R₄ are hydrogen, R₁ and R₃ together form a group of the formula VIII ##STR10## in which R₅ and R₆ are as defined above and R₃ is hydrogen or C₁ -C₂ alkyl and R₄ is hydrogen or methyl, or their copolymers which compounds containing at least one polymerisable double bond, the molar ratio of the component of the formula I to the comonomer component being up to 1:10.

R₁ can be a group of the formulae II, III, IV or V. Preferably, R₁ is a group of the formulae II or IV.

Wiezer, Pfahler and Mayer U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,362, patented Dec. 29, 1981, discloses copolymers of one or several polyalkyl piperidines of the formula (I) ##STR11## and one or several comonomers of the formula (II) ##STR12## with a molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 10,000, wherein in the monomers of the formula (I)

R₁ is hydrogen or C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl, preferably hydrogen or C₁ to C₄ alkyl and especially hydrogen,

R₂ and R₃ are either the same and represent hydrogen or C₁ to C₅ alkyl, preferably hydrogen or methyl and especially hydrogen, in which case

R₄ is methyl, or

R₂ is hydrogen or C₁ to C₅ alkyl, in which case

R₃ and R₄, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound, represent a C₅ or C₆ cycloalkyl group or a group of the formula (III) ##STR13## R₅ is hydrogen, C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl or a group of the formula (IV) ##STR14## in which R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are defined as above, but preferably represent hydrogen or C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl or a group of the formula (IV) and especially hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl or a group of the formula (IV),

X stands in particular for oxygen and also for a radical --NR₆, R₆ being hydrogen, C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl or a group of the formula (IV), preferably hydrogen or C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl, whereas in the monomers of the formula (II)

R₇ is hydrogen or a group of the formula COOR₁₀ with R₁₀ being C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl, but preferably hydrogen,

R₈ is hydrogen or methyl, preferably hydrogen, and

R₉ is hydrogen or C₁ to C₃₆ alkyl, preferably hydrogen or C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl and especially hydrogen, or is phenyl or chlorine, or acetyl, or a group of the formula --OR₁₁ and R₁₁ being hydrogen or C₁ to C₁₈ alkyl, or a group of the formula --COOR₁₂ with R₁₂ being alkyl or hydroxyalkyl with 1 to 18 carbon atoms or a radical of the formula (IV), preferably an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a radical of the formula (VI).

Nikles U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,820, patented Jan. 19, 1982, discloses homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl ethers of the formula I ##STR15## in which R is hydrogen or CH₃ and R₁ is hydrogen, C₁ -C₈ alkyl, benzyl, allyl, formyl or acetyl. Preferably, R is hydrogen.

Preferred homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl ethers of the formula I are those in which R₁ is methyl and in which R is hydrogen.

The homopolymers of vinyl ethers of the formula I are also preferred, especially the homopolymers of 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl vinyl ether.

The homopolymers, according to the invention, of the vinyl ethers of the formula I in general have an average molecular weight of about 600 to 100,000, which corresponds approximately to a degree of polymerisation of 3 to 500. For use as stabilizers in plastics, polymers with an average molecular weight of about 3,000 to 50,000 are in particular of interest, since in this range not only a good stability to migration and stability to extraction but also an adequate compatibility in the substrate are ensured.

The properties of these polymeric stabilizers can be modified by copolymerisation with a comonomer capable of copolymerisation. Suitable comonomers are, in particular, ethylenically unsaturated compounds, such as alkyl vinyl ethers, for example methyl vinyl ether or isobutyl vinyl ether; vinyl esters, for example vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate; other vinyl compounds, for example styrene, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride; and derivatives of acrylic or methacrylic acid, for example methyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, acrylamide, N-butyl methacrylamide, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile, and also maleic acid derivatives, such as esters, amides and cyclic imides of maleic acid.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,287 patented Oct. 26, 1982 to Loffelman and Brady, discloses polymers prepared by the polymerization of a monomer represented by formula (I) ##STR16## wherein R represents C₃ -C₆ alkenyloxy, C₃ -C₆ alkenylamino, or di(C₃ -C₆ alkenyl)amino; R¹ represents C₁ -C₈ alkyl, C₁ -C₈ alkoxy, halo, C₁ -C₈ alkylthio, C₃ -C₆ alkenyloxy, amino, C₃ -C₆ alkenylamino, di(C₃ -C₆ alkenyl)amino, the groups ##STR17## wherein R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are as defined below, C₁ -C₁₈ alkylamino, C₁ -C₁₈ dialkylamino, morpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidyl, a substituted C₁ -C₁₈ alkylamino, or a substituted C₁ -C₁₈ dialkylamino, wherein the substituents are selected from amino, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl wherein the alkoxy moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and the groups ##STR18## wherein R² represents hydrogen, C₁ -C₈ alkyl, or benzyl; R³ and R⁴ independently represent C₁ -C₈ alkyl, benzyl, or phenethyl, or together with the carbon to which they are attached form a C₅ -C₁₀ cycloalkyl; and R⁵ represents hydrogen, C₂ -C₃ hydroxyalkyl, C₁ -C₈ alkyl, hydroxyl, or oxyl; R⁶ represents hydrogen, C₁ -C₈ alkyl, or ##STR19## wherein R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as previously defined; and X is oxy, or ##STR20## wherein R⁶ is as previously defined.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,274, patented Jan. 18, 1983, to Thomas, discloses diallylamine derivatives of the formula: ##STR21## wherein R¹ represents hydrogen, or C₁ -C₄ alkyl, R² represents hydrogen, hydroxy, or C₁ -C₈ alkoxy; R³ represents hydrogen, C₁ -C₈ alkyl, or benzyl; R⁴ and R⁵ independently represent C₁ -C₈ alkyl, benzyl, or phenethyl, or together with the carbon to which they are attached form a C₅ -C₁₀ cycloalkyl; and R⁶ represents hydrogen, C₂ -C₃ hydroxyalkyl, C₁ -C₈ alkyl, hydroxy, or oxyl, and homopolymers thereof.

In accordance with the present invention, polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl) carboxylic acid esters and amides are provided, having a molecular weight within the range from about 800 to about 20,000, and derived from a monomer having the formula: ##STR22## wherein: R is alkylene or alkyleneoxy having from one to about six carbon atoms and m is 0 or 1;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; oxyl; alkyl and hydroxyalkyl having from one to about eighteen carbon atoms; alkylaryl having from seven to about eighteen carbon atoms; epoxy alkyl having from three to about eighteen carbon atoms; and acyl having from two to about eighteen carbon atoms; and

Y is selected from the group consisting of ##STR23## where R₂ and R₃ are hydrogen or alkyl having from one to about eight carbon atoms and n is 0 or 1;

Z is selected from the group consisting of ##STR24## in which R₄, R₅ and R₆ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl having from one to about eighteen carbon atoms; cycloalkyl having from three to about twelve carbon atoms; and aryl having from six to about thirty carbon atoms.

There are three subgeneric types of these monomers, according to the Y group: ##STR25##

Exemplary R₁, R₄, R₅ and R₆ alkyl are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl and 2,3-epoxypropyl;

Exemplary R₁ acyl are acetyl, propionyl, butyroyl, acryloyl, methacryloyl, octanoyl and benzoyl;

Exemplary R₂ and R₃ alkyl include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl; isobutyl; tert-butyl, amyl, isoamyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isooctyl and octyl;

Exemplary R₄, R₅ and R₆ cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycyloctyl, and cyclododecyl;

Exemplary R₄, R₅ and R₆ aryl include phenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, t-butylphenyl, nonylphenyl, octylphenyl, 2,4-di-t-butylphenyl and dinonylphenyl.

Examples of monomers represented by Formula I are: ##STR26##

These monomers can be prepared by reaction of diallyl amine or olefinoxide adduct thereof [(CH₂ ═CHCH₂)₂ N--R--O)_(m) H] with a 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl carboxylic acid, ester or acid halide thereof; or by reaction of a 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl alcohol or amine of the formula ##STR27## with a diallyl amino carboxylic acid of the formula ##STR28## or ester thereof.

The following Example is illustrative:

EXAMPLE I Preparation of ##STR29##

Diallylamine 9.7 g, methyl acrylate 8.6 g, sodium methoxide 0.1 g and methanol 50 ml were heated and stirred for 3 hours under reflux. The solution was washed with water, and then extracted with benzene. The benzene was distilled off, and methyl-3-diallyl-aminopropionate was obtained. This methyl ester 6.1 g, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol 5.5 g, LiNH₂ 0.1 g and xylene 20 ml were mixed and stirred for 5 hours under reflux. The solution was washed with water, and then the solvent was distilled off, and the product was obtained as a colorless liquid.

The stabilizers of this invention are polymers of the monomeric diallylamines of Formula I. These polymers can easily be prepared by polymerization of the corresponding diallylamine in the presence of organic peroxide as an initiator.

The polymer has a molecular weight within the range from about 800 to about 20,000, preferably from about 1,000 to about 10,000.

It is known that polymers of diallylamine compounds have repeating units of ##STR30## and the polymers of this invention also have the above repeating units, with the 4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl) carboxylic acid ester or amide group attached to the free valence of the nitrogen.

The polymers of this invention can be a homopolymer of the diallylamine monomers of Formula I or a copolymer of a diallylamine monomer with another unsaturated monomer.

The unsaturated monomers include, for example, ethylene, propylene, butene-1, isobutene, hexene, octene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene, hexadecene, octadecene, eicocene, styrene, α-methylstyrene, cyclohexene, butadiene, vinylchloride, acrylonitrile, methyl vinyl ketone, methyl vinyl ether, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, dibutyl maleate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl-vinyl ether, 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl-vinyl ether, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl-allyl ether, 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl-allyl ether, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl acrylate 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl acrylate, 8,8,10,10-tetramethyl-9-aza-3-ethyl-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]-3-undecylmethyl acrylate, 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) maleate and bis(8,8,9,10,10-pentamethyl-9-aza-3-ethyl-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]-3-undecyl methyl)fumarate.

The molar ratio of the monomer of Formula I to the other unsaturated monomer is within the range from about 10:0 to about 1:9.

An Example of the preparation of polymers from the monomers of Formula I is:

EXAMPLE A Preparation of the polymer of ##STR31##

The monomer as shown above, 1.0 g, PEGASOL 3040 (Mobil Oil; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent), 3 ml and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3, 50 mg were heated and stirred for 3 hours at 160°-180° C. Toluene 20 ml was added, and the mixture washed with water. The solvent was distilled off, and a pale yellow powder having the molecular weight (M.W.) 1000-1500 was obtained.

The polymers shown below were prepared by the same procedure:

    __________________________________________________________________________                                       Molecular     Polymer          Monomer of Formula I         Weight     __________________________________________________________________________           ##STR32##                   1500-1800       C           ##STR33##                   1300-1600       D           ##STR34##                   1600-2000       E           ##STR35##                   2000-2500       F           ##STR36##                   3000-4000       G           ##STR37##                   1800-2200       H           ##STR38##                   1500-2000       J           ##STR39##                   1500-2000     __________________________________________________________________________

Small amounts of the stabilizer of this invention when combined with synthetic resin improve the light stability of the resin. The amount of the stabilizer is generally within the range from about 0.001 to about 5 parts by weight, preferably from about 0.01 to about 3 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of resin.

Synthetic resins that can have their resistance to deterioration enhanced with the polymeric stabilizer compound according to this invention include α-olefin polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, poly-3-methylbutene, or mixtures thereof and with copolymers other monomers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer; ethylene-propylene copolymer; polystyrene; polyvinyl acetate; polyacrylic esters; copolymers from styrene and another monomer (for example, maleic anhydride, butadiene, and acrylonitrile); acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene copolymer, acrylic acid ester-butadiene-styrene copolymer, methacrylic acid ester-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polymethacrylate esters such as polymethacrylate; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl formal; polyvinyl butyral; linear polyesters, polyamides; polycarbonates; polyacetals; polyurethanes; cellulosic resins; phenol-formaldehyde resins; urea-formaldehyde resins; melamine-formaldehyde resins; epoxy resins; unsaturated polyester resins; silicone resins; halogen-containing resins such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, and copolymers thereof, and rubbers such as isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, chloroprene rubber, and blends of any of the above.

The polymeric 2,2,6,6-tetraalkyl piperidyl stabilizers of the invention can be combined with conventional heat stabilizers such as phenolic antioxidants, polyvalent metal salts of organic acids, organic phosphites, thioethers, and other known heat stabilizers, thereby constituting light and heat stabilizer compositions of the invention.

The phenolic antioxidant contains one or more phenolic hydroxyl groups, and one or more phenolic nuclei, and can contain from about eight to about three hundred carbon atoms. In addition, the phenolic nucleus can contain an oxy or thio ether group.

The alkyl-substituted phenols and polynuclear phenols, because of their molecular weight, have a higher boiling point, and therefore are preferred because of their lower volatility. There can be one or a plurality of alkyl groups of one or more carbon atoms. The alkyl group or groups including any alkylene groups between phenol nuclei preferably aggregate at least four carbon atoms. The longer the alkyl or alkylene chain, the better the compatibility with polypropylene, inasmush as the phenolic compound then acquires more of an aliphatic hydrocarbon character, and therefore there is no upper limit on the number of alkyl carbon atoms. Usually, from the standpoint of availability, the compound will not have more than about eighteen carbon atoms in an alkyl, alicyclidene and alkylene group, and a total of not over about fifty carbon atoms. The compounds may have from one to four alkyl radicals per phenol nucleus.

The phenol contains at least one and preferably at least two phenolic hydroxyls, the two or more hydroxyls being in the same ring, if there is only one. In the case of bicyclic phenols, the rings can be linked by thio or oxyether groups, or by alkylene, alicyclidene or arylidene groups.

The monocyclic phenols which can be employed have the structure: ##STR40##

R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; halogen; and organic radicals containing from one to about thirty carbon atoms, such as alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, and acyl ##STR41## where R' is aryl, alkyl or cycloalkyl.

x₁ and x₂ are integers from one to four, and the sum of x₁ and x₂ does not exceed six.

The polycyclic phenol phenol is one having at least two aromatic nuclei linked by a polyvalent linking radical, as defined by the formula: ##STR42## wherein

Y is a polyvalent linking group selected from the group consisting of oxygen; carbonyl; sulfur; sulfinyl; aromatic, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups; and oxyhydrocarbon, thiohydrocarbon and heterocyclic groups. The linking group can have from one up to twenty carbon atoms.

Ar is a phenolic nucleus which can be a phenyl or a polycarbocyclic group having condensed or separate phenyl rings; each Ar group contains at least one free phenolic hydroxyl group up to a total of five. The Ar rings can also include additional rings connected by additional linking nuclei of the type Y, for example, Ar-Y-Ar-Y-Ar.

m₁ and m₂ are numbers from one to five, and n₁ and n₂ are numbers of one or greater, and preferably from one to four.

The aromatic nucleus Ar can, in addition to phenolic hydroxyl groups, include one or more inert substitutents. Examples of such inert substituents include hydrogen, halogen atoms, e.g., chlorine, bromine and fluorine; organic radicals containing from one to about thirty carbon atoms, such as alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy and acyloxy ##STR43## where R' is aryl, alkyl or cycloalkyl, or thiohydrocarbon groups having from one to about thirty carbon atoms, and carboxyl ##STR44## Usually, however, each aromatic nucleus will not have more than about eighteen carbon atoms in any hydrocarbon substituent group. The Ar group can have from one to four substituent groups per nucleus.

Typical aromatic nuclei include phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, triphenylenyl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl, chrysenyl, and fluoroenyl groups.

When Ar is a benzene nucleus, the polyhydric polycyclic phenol has the structure: ##STR45## wherein

R₁, R₂ and R₃ are inert substituent groups as described in the previous paragraph;

m₁ and m₃ are integers from one to a maximum of five;

m₂ is an interger from one to a maximum of four;

x₁ and x₃ are integers from zero to four, and

x₂ is an integer from zero to three;

y₁ is an integer from zero to about six and

y₂ is an integer from one to five, preferably one or two.

Preferably, the hydroxyl groups are located ortho and/or para to Y.

Exemplary Y groups are alkylene, alkylidene, and alkeylene; arylene, alkyl arylene, arylalkylene; cycloalkylene, cycloalkylidene; and oxa- and thia-substituted such groups; tetrahydrofuranes, esters and triazino groups. The Y groups are usually bi, tri, or tetravalent, connecting two, three or four Ar groups. However, higher valency Y groups connecting more than four Ar groups, can also be used. According to their constitution, the Y groups can be assigned to subgenera as follows:

(1) Y groups where at least one carbon in a chain or cyclic arrangement connect the aromatic groups, such as: ##STR46##

(2) Y groups where only atoms other than carbon link the aromatic rings, such as ##STR47## where x is a number from one to ten;

(3) Y groups made up of more than a single atom including both carbon and other atoms linking the aromatic nuclei, such as: ##STR48##

Although the relation of effectiveness of chemical structure is insufficiently understood, many of the most effective phenols have Y groups of subgenus (1), and accordingly this is preferred. Some of these phenols can be prepared by the alkylation of phenols or alkyl phenols with polyunsaturated hydrocarbons such as dicyclopentadiene or butadiene.

Representative phenols include guaiacol, resorcinol monoacetate, vanillin, butyl salicylate, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxy phenol, 2,4-dinonyl phenol, 2,3,4,5-tetradecyl phenol, tetrahydro-α-naphthol, o-, m- and p-cresol, o-, m- and p-phenylphenol, o-, m- and p-xylenols, the carvenols, symmetrical xylenol, thymol, o-, m- and p-nonylphenol, o-, m- and p-dodecyl-phenol, and o-, m- and p-octyl-phenol, o-, and m-tert-butyl-p-hydroxy-anisole, p-n-decyloxy-phenol, p-n-decyloxy-cresol, nonyl-n-decyloxy-cresol, eugenol, isoeugenol, glyceryl monosalicylate, methyl-p-hydroxy-cinnamate, 4-benzyloxy-phenol, p-acetylaminophenol, p-stearyl-aminophenol, methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, p-di-chlorobenzoyl-aminophenol, p-hydroxysalicyl anilide, stearyl-(3,5-di-methyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl)thioglycolate, stearyl-β-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propionate, distearyl-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, and distearyl (4-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-t-butyl)benzylmalonate.

Exemplary polyhydric phenols are orcinol, propyl gallate, catechol, resorcinol, 4-octyl-resorcinol, 4-dodecyl-resorcinol, 4-octadecyl-catechol, 4-isooctyl-phloroglucinol, pyrogallol, hexahydroxybenzene, 4-isohexylcatechol, 2,6-di-tertiary-butyl-resorcinol, 2,6-di-isopropyl-phologlucinol.

Exemplary polyhydric polycyclic phenols are methylene bis-(2,6-di-tertiary-butyl-phenol), 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxy phenyl)propane, methylene-bis-(p-cresol), 4,4'-benzylidene bis (2-tertiary-butyl-5-methyl-phenol), 4,4'-cyclo-hexylidene bis-(2-tertiary-butylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-(1'-methyl-cyclohexyl)-phenol), 2,6-bis-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tertiary-butyl-5'-methylbenzyl)-4-methylphenol, 4,4'-bis-(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methyl-phenol), 2,2'-bis-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)butane, ethylene bis-(p-cresol), 4,4'-oxobis-phenol, 4,4'-oxobis-(3-methyl-5-isopropyl-phenol), 4,4'-oxobis-(3methyl-phenol), 2,2'-oxobis-(4-dodecyl-phenol), 2,2'-oxobis-(4-methyl-5-tertiary-butyl-phenol), 4,4'-thio-bis-phenol; 4,4'-thio-bis-(3-methyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol), 2,2'-thio-bis-(4-methyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol), 4,4'-n-butylidene-(2-t-butyl-5-methyl-phenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-(1'-methyl-cyclohexyl)-phenol), 4,4'-cyclohexylene bis-(2-tertiary-butyl-phenol), 2,6-bis-(2'-hydroxy-3'-t-butyl-5'-methyl-benzyl)-4-methyl-phenol, 4,4'-oxobis(naphthalene-1,5-diol), 1,3'-bis-(naphthalene-2,5-diol)propane, and 2,2'-butylene bis-(naphthalene-2,7-diol), (3-methyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4'-hydroxy-phenyl) propane, 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-5-isopropylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-5-isopropylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-chlorophenol), (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, (2-hydroxy-phenyl)-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4',4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-octylphenol), 4,4'-propylene-bis-(2-tert-butyl-phenol), 2,2'-isobutylene-bis-(4-nonylphenol), 2,4-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-phenoxy)-6-(n-octylthio)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris-(4-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,2'-bis-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)thiazolo-(5,4-d)thiazole, 2,2'-bis-(3-methyl-5-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)thiazolo-(5,4-d)-thiazole, 4,4'-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid octadecyl ester, cyclopentylene-4,4'-bis-phenol, 2-ethylbutylene-4,4'-bisphenol, 4,4'-cyclooctylene-bis-(2-cyclohexylphenol), β,β-thiodiethanol-bis-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy acetate), 1,4-butanedio-bis-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy acetate), pentaerythritol tetra-(4-hydroxyphenol propionate), 2,4,4'-tri-hydroxy benzophenone, bis-(2-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)sulfide, bis-(2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)sulfide, bis-(2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)sulfoxide, bis-(3-ethyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, bis-(2-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-tert-butyl-phenyl)sulfide, 4,4'-bis-(4-hydroxyphenol)pentanoic acid octadecyl thiopropionate ester, 1,1,3-tris-(2'-methyl-4-hydroxy-5'-tert-butylphenyl)butane, 1,1,3-tris-(1-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-tert-butylphenyl)butane, 1,8-bis-(2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoyl-n-octane, 2,2'-ethylene-bis-[4'-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-thiazole], 1-methyl-3-(3-methyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-naphthalene, 2,2'-(2-butene)-bis-(4-methoxy-6-tert-butylphenol)-bis-[3,3-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-t-butylphenyl)butyric acid] glycol ester, 4,4'-butylidene-bis-(6-t-butyl-m-cresol), 1,1,3-tris-(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl)butane, 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, tetrakis[methylene-3 (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] methane, 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl-oxyethyl isocyanurate, 2-octylthio-4,6-di-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butyl)phenoxy-1,3,5-triazine, 4,4'-thiobis-(6-t-butyl-m-cresol) and pentaerythritol hydroxyphenyl propionate.

A particularly desirable class of polyhydric polycyclic phenols are the dicyclopentadiene polyphenols, which are of the type: ##STR49## in which

R₁ and R₂ are lower alkyl, and can be the same or different, and

n is the number of the groups enclosed by the brackets, and is usually from 1 to about 5. These are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,567,683, dated Mar. 2, 1971 to Spacht. A commercially available member of this class is Wingstay L, exemplified by dicyclopentadiene tri-(2-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol) of the formula: ##STR50##

The polyhydric polycyclic phenols used in the invention can also be condensation products of phenols or alkylphenols with hydrocarbons having a bicyclic ring structure and a double bond or two or more double bonds, such as α-pinene, β-pinene, dipentene, limonene, vinylcyclohexene, dicyclopentadiene, allo-ocimene, isoprene and butadiene. These condensation products are usually obtained under acidic conditions in the form of more or less complex mixtures of monomeric and polymeric compounds. However, it is usually not necessary to isolate the individual constituents. The entire reaction product, merely freed from the acidic condensation catalyst and unchanged starting material, can be used with excellent results. While the exact structure of these phenolic condensation products is uncertain, the Y groups linking the phenolic nuclei all fall into the preferred subgenus 1. For method of preparation, see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,124,555, U.S. Pat. No. 3,242,135, and British Pat. No. 961,504.

When the stabilizer composition is used in conjunction with a polyvalent metal salt of an organic acid, the organic acid will ordinarily have from about six to about twenty-four carbon atoms. The polyvalent metal can be any metal of Group II of the Periodic Table, such as zinc, calcium, cadmium, barium, magnesium and strontium. The alkali metal salts and heavy metal salts such as lead salts are unsatisfactory. The acid can be any organic non-nitrogenous monocarboxylic acid having from six to twenty-four carbon atoms. The aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic and oxygen-containing heterocyclic organic acids are operable as a class. By the term "aliphatic acid" is meant any open chain carboxylic acid, substituted, if desired, with nonreactive groups, such as halogen, sulfur and hydroxyl. By the term "alicyclic" it will be understood that there is intended any cyclic acid in which the ring is nonaromatic and composed solely of carbon atoms, and such acids may if desired have inert, nonreactive substituents such as halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl radicals, alkenyl radicals and other carbocyclic ring structures condensed therewith. The oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds can be aromatic or nonaromatic and can include oxygen and carbon in the ring structure, such as alkylsubstituted furoic acid. The aromatic acids likewise can have nonreactive ring substituents such as halogen, alkyl and alkenyl groups, and other saturated or aromatic rings condensed therewith.

As exemplary of the acids which can be used in the form of their metal salts there can be mentioned the following: hexoic acid, 2-ethylhexoic acid, n-octoic acid, isooctoic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, behenic acid, chlorocaproic acid, hydroxy capric acid, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, butyl benzoic acid, ethyl benzoic acid, propyl benzoic acid, hexyl benzoic acid, salicylic acid, naphthoic acid, 1-naphthalene acetic acid, orthobenzoyl benzoic acid, naphthenic acids derived from petroleum, abietic acid, dihydroabietic acid, hexahydrobenzoic acid, and methyl furoic acid.

The water-insoluble salts are preferred, because they are not leached out when the plastic is in contact with water. Where these salts are not known, they are made by the usual types of reactions, such as by mixing the acid, or anhydride with the corresponding oxide or hydroxide of the metal in a liquid solvent, and heating, if necessary, until salt formation is complete.

A variety of organic triphosphites and acid phosphites can be employed, of which the following are exemplary.

The organic triphosphite can be any organic phosphite having three or more organic radicals attached to phosphorus through oxygen. The acid phosphite can be any organic phosphite having one or two organic radicals attached to phosphorus through oxygen. These radicals can be monovalent radicals, in the case of the triphosphites, diphosphites and monophisphites.

The organic triphosphites in which the radicals are monovalent radicals can be defined by the formula: ##STR51## in which

R₁, R₂ and R₃ are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, and cycloalkyl groups having from one to about thirty carbon atoms.

The acid phosphites are defined by the same formula, but one or two of R₁, R₂ and R₃ is hydrogen or a cation of a metal or ammonium.

Also included are the organic triphosphites having a bivalent organic radical forming a heterocyclic ring with the phosphorus of the type: ##STR52## in which

R₄ is a bivalent organic radical selected from the group consisting of alkylene, arylene, aralkylene, alkarylene and cycloalkylene radicals having from two to about thirty carbon atoms, and R₅ is a monovalent organic radical as defined above in the case of R₁, R₂ and R₃ ;

R₅ is hydrogen or a cation, in the case of the acid phosphites.

Also useful organic triphosphites are mixed heterocyclic-open chain phosphites of the type: ##STR53##

More complex triphosphites are formed from trivalent organic radicals, of the type: ##STR54## in which

R₆ is a trivalent organic radical of any of the types of R₁ to R₅, inclusive, as defined above.

A particularly useful class of complex triphosphites are the tetraoxadiphosphaspiro undecanes of the formula: ##STR55## where

R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of aryl, alkyl, aryloxyethyl, alkyloxyethyl, aryloxyethoxyethyl, alkyloxyethoxyethyl and alkyloxypolyethoxyethyl having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.

In the case of the acid phosphites, one or both of R₁ and R₂ is also hydrogen or a cation.

An especially preferred class of organic triphosphites and acid phosphites have a bicyclic aromatic group attached to phosphorus through oxygen, with no or one or more phenolic hydroxyl groups on either or both of the aromatic rings. These phosphites are characterized by the formula: ##STR56## in which

Ar is a mono or bicyclic aromatic nucleus and m is an integer of from 0 to about 5. Z is one or a plurality of organic radicals as defined above for R₁ to R₆, taken singly or together in sufficient number to satisfy the valences of the two phosphite oxygen atoms.

One or both Z radicals is also hydrogen, in the case of the acid phosphites, and can include additional bicyclic aromatic groups of the type (HO)_(m) --Ar.

The cation in the case of acid phosphites can be a metal, such as an alkali metal, for instance, sodium, potassium or lithium; an alkaline earth metal, for instance, barium, calcium, or a nontoxic polyvalent metal, such as magnesium, tin and zinc.

Usually, the triphosphites and acid phosphites will not have more than about sixty carbon atoms.

Exemplary triphosphites are monophenyl di-2-ethylhexyl phosphite, diphenyl mono-2-ethylhexyl phosphite, di-isooctyl monotolyl phosphite, tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphite, phenyl dicyclohexyl phosphite, phenyl diethyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, tricresyl phosphite, tri(dimethylphenyl)phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, triisooctyl phosphite, tridodecyl phosphite, isooctyl diphenyl phosphite, diisooctyl phenyl phosphite, tri(t-octylphenyl)phosphite, tri-(t-nonylphenyl)phosphite, benzyl methyl isopropyl phosphite, butyl dicresyl phosphite, isooctyl di(octylphenyl)phosphite, di(2-ethylhexyl)(isooctylphenyl)phosphite, tri(2-cyclohexylphenyl)phosphite), tri-α-naphthyl phosphite, tri(phenylphenyl)phosphite, tri(2-phenylethyl)phosphite, ethylene phenyl phosphite, ethylene t-butyl phosphite, ethylene isohexyl phosphite, ethylene isooctyl phosphite, ethylene cyclohexyl phosphite, 2-phenoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 2-butoxy-1,3,2-dioxyphosphorinane, 2-octoxy-5,5-dimethyl-dioxaphosphorinane, and 2-cyclohexyloxy-5,5-diethyl dioxaphosphorinane.

Exemplary pentaerythritol triphosphites are 3,9-diphenoxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane(diphenyl-pentaerythritol diphosphite), 3,9-di(decyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(isodecyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(octadecyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3-phenoxy-9-isodecyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(methoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(lauryloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di-p-tolyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(methoxyethyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3-methoxyethyloxy-9-isodecyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(ethoxyethyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(butoxyethyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3-methoxyethyloxy-9-butoxy-ethyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(methoxyethoxyethyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di-(butoxyethoxyethyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(methoxyethoxyethoxyethyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane, 3,9-di(methoxy(polyethoxy)ethyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane where the (polyethoxy)ethyloxy group has an average molecular weight of 350),3,9-di(methoxy(polyethoxy)ethyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-(5,5)-undecane (where the (polyethoxy)ethyloxy group has an average molecular weight of 550).

Exemplary of the bis aryl triphosphites are: bis(4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methyl-phenol))isooctyl phosphite, mono(4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methyl-phenol))di-phenyl phosphite, tri-(4,4'-n-butylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methyl-phenol))phosphite, (4,4'-benzylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methyl-phenol))diphenyl phosphite, isooctyl 2,2'-bis(-para-hydroxyphenyl)propane phosphite, decyl 4,4'-n-butylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol)phosphite, tri-4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol)phosphite, 2-ethylhexyl-2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6,1'-methylcyclohexyl)phenol phosphite, tri(2,2'-bis-(para-hydroxyphenyl)propane)phosphite, tri(4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methyl-phenol)phosphite, isooctyl(2,6-bis(2'-hydroxy-3,5-dinonylbenzyl)-4-nonyl phenyl))phosphite, tetra-tridecyl-4,4'-n-butylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenyl)diphosphite, tetra-isooctyl-4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenyl)diphosphite, 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6,1'-methyl cyclohexyl phenyl)polyphosphite, isooctyl-4,4'-isopropylidene-bis-phenyl polyphosphite, 2-ethylhexyl-2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6,1'-methyl-cyclohexyl)phenyl triphosphite, tetra-tridecyl-4,4'-oxydiphenyl diphosphite, tetra-n-dodecyl-4,4'-n-butylidene bis(2-tertiarybutyl-5-methylphenyl)diphosphite, tetra-tridecyl-4,4'-isopropylidene bisphenyl diphosphite, hexa-tridecyl butane-1,1,3-tris(2'-methyl-5'-tertiary-butylphenyl-4')triphosphite.

Exemplary acid phosphites are di(phenyl) phosphite, monophenyl phosphite, mono(diphenyl)phosphite, dicresyl phosphite, di-(o-isooctylphenyl)phosphite, di(p-ethylhexylphenyl)phosphite, di(p-t-octylphenyl)phosphite, di(dimethylphenyl)phosphite, di-n-butyl phosphite, di-2-ethylhexyl phosphite, mono-2-ethylhexylphosphite, diisooctyl phosphite, monoisooctyl phosphite, monododecyl phosphite, 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphite, 2-ethylhexyl-(n-octylphenyl)phosphite, monocyclohexyl phosphite, dicyclohexyl phosphite, di(2-cyclohexyl phenyl)phosphite, di-α-naphthyl phosphite, diphenyl phenyl phosphite, di(diphenyl)phosphite, di-(2-phenyl ethyl)phosphite, dibenzyl phosphite, monobenzyl phosphite, n-butyl cresyl phosphite and didodecyl phosphite, cresyl phosphite, t-octylphenyl phosphite, ethylene phosphite, butyl cresyl phosphite, isooctyl monotolyl phosphite and phenyl cyclohexyl phosphite.

Exemplary of the bis aryl acid phosphites are: bis(4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol))phosphite, (4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol))phenyl phosphite, bis(4,4'-n-butylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol))phosphite, mono(4,4'-benzylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol))phosphite, mono(2,2'-bis-(parahydroxyphenyl)propane)phosphite, mono(4,4'-butylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol)phosphite, bis(4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol))phosphite, mono-2-ethylhexyl-mono-2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6,1'-methylcyclohexyl)phenol phosphite, bis(2,2'-bis(para-hydroxyphenyl)propane)phosphite, monoisooctylmono(4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenol))phosphite, isooctyl-(2,6-bis(2'-hydroxy-3,5-dinonylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenyl))phosphite, tri-tridecyl-4,4'-n-butylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenyl)diphosphite, triisooctyl-4,4'-thio-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenyl)diphosphite, bis(2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6,1'-methyl cyclohexyl phenyl))phosphite, isooctyl-4,4'-isopropylidene-bis-phenyl phosphite, monophenyl mono(2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6,1'-methyl-cyclohexyl))triphosphite, di-tridecyl-4,4'-oxydiphenyl diphosphite, di-n-dodecyl-4,4'-n-butylidene-bis(2-tertiary-butyl-5-methylphenyl)diphosphite, di-tridecyl-4,4'-isopropylidene bisphenyl diphosphite, tetra-tridecyl butane-1,1,3-tris(2'-methyl-5-tertiary-butylphenyl-4)-triphosphite.

The thiodipropionic acid ester has the following formula:

    R.sub.1 OOCCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --S--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOY

in which R₁ is an organic radical selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon radicals such as alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl and mixed alkyl aryl and mixed alkyl cycloalkyl radicals; hydroxyalkyl and hydroxyalkyloxyalkylene radicals; and esters thereof with aliphatic carboxylic acids; and Y is selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) a second R radical R₂, which can be the same as or different from the R₁ radical, (c) a polymeric chain of n thiodipropionic acid ester units:

    --XO[OCCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 SCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOXO].sub.n OCCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --S--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOZ

where Z is hydrogen, R₂ or M, n is the number of thiodipropionic acid ester units in the chain, and X is a bivalent hydrocarbon group of the type of R₁, that is, alkylene, alkenylene, cycloalkylene, mixed alkylene-arylene and mixed alkylenecycloalkylene radicals; hydroxyalkylene and hydroxyalkyloxyalkylene radicals; and esters thereof with aliphatic carboxylic acids; the value of n can range upwards from 0, but there is no upper limit on n except as is governed by the ratio of carbon atoms to sulfur atoms as stated below; and (d) a polyvalent metal M of Group II of the periodic table such as zinc, calcium, cadmium, barium, magnesium and strontium.

The molecular weights of the R and Y radicals are taken such that with the remainder of the molecule the thiodipropionic ester has a total of from about ten to about sixty carbon atoms per sulfur atom.

Accordingly, the various thiodipropionic acid ester species coming within the above-designated categories within the general formula can be defined as follows:

(a) R₁ OOCCH₂ CH₂ SCH₂ CH₂ COOH

(b) R₁ OOCCH₂ CH₂ SCH₂ CH₂ COOR₂

(c) R₁ O[OCCH₂ CH₂ SCH₂ CH₂ COOX--O]_(n) OCCH₂ CH₂ SCH₂ CH₂ COOZ

(d) R₁ OOCCH₂ CH₂ SCH₂ CH₂ COOM.

In the above formulae R₁ and R₂, M, X and Z are the same as before and the value of n₁ can range upwards from 1, but there is no upper limit on n₁ except as is imposed by the ratio of carbon atoms, as stated below. In the polymer (c), as in the other forms of thiodipropionic acid esters, the total number of carbon atoms per sulfur atom is within the range from about ten to about sixty.

The R radical of these esters is important in furnishing compatibility with the polymer. The Y radical is desirably a different radical, R₂ or M or a polymer, where R is rather low in molecular weight, so as to compensate for this in obtaining the optimum compatibility and nonvolatility. Where Y is a metal, the thiodipropionic acid ester furnishes the beneficial properties of the polyvalent metal salt which is described above.

The aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, and cycloalkyl groups may, if desired, contain inert, nonreactive substituents such as halogen and other carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring structures condensed therewith.

Typical R radicals are, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, amyl, isoamyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, 2-ethyl hexyl, t-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, allyl, hexenyl, linoleyl, ricinoleyl, oleyl, phenyl, xylyl, tolyl, ethylphenyl, naphthyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, cyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, ethylcyclohexyl, and naphthenyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, glyceryl, sorbityl, pentaerythrityl, and polyoxyalkylene radicals such as those derived from diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene glycol, and polyoxypropyleneoxyethylene glycol, and esters thereof with any of the organic acids named below in the discussion of the polyvalent metal salts, including in addition those organic acids having from two to five carbon atoms, such as acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids.

Typical X radicals are alkylene radicals such as ethylene, tetramethylene, hexamethylene, decamethylene, alkyl-substituted alkylene radicals such as 1,2-propylene, ##STR57##

As exemplary of the thiodipropionic acid esters which can be used, there can be mentioned the following: monolauryl thiodipropionic acid, dilauryl thiodipropionate, butyl stearyl thiodipropionate, 2-ethylhexyl lauryl thiodipropionate, di-2-ethylhexyl-thiodipropionate, diisodecyl thiodipropionate, isodecyl phenyl thiodipropionate, benzyl lauryl thiodipropionate, benzyl phenyl thiodipropionate, the diester of mixed coconut fatty alcohols and thiodipropionic acid, the diester of mixed tallow fatty alcohols and thiodipropionic acid, the acid ester of mixed cottonseed oil fatty alcohols and thiodipropionic acid, the acid ester of mixed soyabean oil fatty alcohols and thiodipropionic acid, cyclohexyl nonyl thiodipropionate, monooleyl thiodipropionic acid, hydroxyethyl lauryl thiodipropionate, monoglyceryl thiodipropionic acid, glyceryl monostearate monothiodipropionate, sorbityl isodecyl thiodipropionate, the polyester of diethylene glycol and thiodipropionic acid, the polyester of triethylene glycol and thiodipropionic acid, the polyester of hexamethylene glycol and thiodipropionic acid, the polyester of pentaerythritol and thiodipropionic acid, the polyester of octamethylene glycol and thiodipropionic acid, the polyester of p-dibenzyl alcohol and thiodipropionic acid, ethylbenzyl lauryl thiodipropionate, strontium stearyl thiodipropionate, magnesium oleyl thiodipropionate, calcium dodecylbenzyl thiodipropionate, and mono(dodecylbenzyl)thiodipropionic acid.

These esters are for the most part known compounds, but where they are not available, they are readily prepared by esterification of thiodipropionic acid and the corresponding alcohol.

Also useful are:

(1) Thioalkanoic acid amides of Tokuno et al Japanese Pat. No. 16,286/68 having the formula: ##STR58##

R is alkyl of one to eight carbon atoms, R₁ is alkyl of six to twenty-four carbon atoms, and R₂ is alkylene of one to six carbon atoms.

(2) Thioalkanoic acid amides of 1,3,5-triazines of Ozeki et al Japanese Pat. No. 20,366/68 having the formula: ##STR59## R is alkyl of eight to eighteen carbon atoms.

(3) Bis-thioalkanoic acid amides of Yamamoto et al Japanese Pat. No. 23,765/68 having the formula: ##STR60## R is alkyl of more than six carbon atoms, aryl or aralkyl.

(4) Bis-thioalkylanoic acid amides of Ozeki et al Japanese Pat. No. 26,184/69 having the formula: ##STR61## R is alkyl of twelve to eighteen carbon atoms, and R₁ is alkylene of one to ten carbon atoms, cycloalkylene, or arylene.

(5) Bis-alkylene thioalkanoic acid amides of Ozeki Japanese Pat. No. 31,464/69 having the formula: ##STR62## R is alkyl of more than six carbon atoms, aryl, or aralkyl.

(6) Thioalkanoic acid amide derivatives of Minagawa et al, published Japanese application No. 106,484/74 having the formula: ##STR63## R is hydrocarbyl of one to twenty carbon atoms.

(7) Alkylene bis-thioalkanoic acid amides of U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,805 to Ohzeki et al, patented July 21, 1981, having the general formula: ##STR64## wherein:

R₁ is alkyl having from one to about fifty carbon atoms;

R₂ is alkylene having from one to about three carbon atoms; and

R₃ is alkylene having from about two to about twelve carbon atoms.

β-Alkylthiopropionic acid esters having the general formula:

    R--S--C.sub.2 H.sub.4 COOR--R').sub.n

wherein:

R is alkyl of four to twenty carbon atoms;

n is a number from 1 to 6; and

R' is the residue of an alcohol having from one to six hydroxyl groups.

Pentaerythritol tetra dodecyl thio propionate is an example of this group.

Other conventional light stabilizers can be employed, such as hydroxybenzophenones such as 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxy benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, benzotriazoles, such as 2(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazoles, 2(2-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-5-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2(2-hydroxy-3-5-di-t-butylphenyl) 5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-amylphenyl)benzotriazole, benzoates such as phenylsalicylate, 2,4-di-t-butylphenyl -3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyl phenylbenzoate, nickel compounds such as nickel-2,2'-thiobis(4-t-octyl-phenolate), nickel-monoethyl(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate, substituted acrylonitriles such as methyl-α-cyano-β-methyl-β-(p-methoxy phenyl)acrylate and oxalic anilides such as N-2-ethyl phenyl-N'-2-ethoxy-5-t-butyl phenyl oxalic diamide, N-2-ethyl phenyl-N'-2-ethoxy phenyl oxalic diamide.

A sufficient amount of the stabilizer or combination is used to improve the resistance of the synthetic polymer to deterioration in physical properties when exposed to heat and light, including, for example, discoloration, reduction in melt viscosity and embrittlement. Very small amounts are usually adequate. Amounts within the range from about 0.001 to about 5% total stabilizers including the polymeric light stabilizer of the invention by weight of the polymer are satisfactory. Preferably, from 0.01 to 3% is employed for optimum stabilization.

The stabilizer systems of the invention are readily rendered in solid particulate form, comprising a blend of:

(a) polymeric light stabilizer in an amount of from about 10 to about 35 parts by weight;

and optionally:

(b) a phenolic antioxidant in an amount from about 10 to about 35 parts by weight; and/or

(c) other heat or light stabilizers in an amount of from about 10 to about 35 parts by weight.

The polymeric light stabilizer of the invention can be employed in combination with phenolic antioxidant and/or other conventional heat and light stabilizers for the particular synthetic polymer.

Thus, for example, in the case of polyvinyl chloride resins, other polyvinyl chloride resin heat stabilizers can be included, including polyvalent metal fatty acid salts such as barium and cadmium salts of the higher fatty acids; organotin compounds; and epoxy compounds.

With polyolefin resins there can be employed fatty acid salts of polyvalent metals, and the higher fatty acid esters of thiodipropionic acids, such as, for example, dilauryl thiodipropionate.

With polyamide resin compositions, polyamide stabilizers such as copper salts in combination with iodides and/or other phosphorus compounds and salts of divalent manganese can be used.

With synthetic rubbers and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, other antioxidants and polyvalent metal salts of the higher fatty acids can be used.

In addition, other conventional additives for synthetic polymers, such as plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers, antistatic agents, flame-proofing agents, pigments and fillers, can be employed.

The stabilizer or combination is incorporated in the polymer in suitable mixing equipment, such as a mill or a Banbury mixer. If the polymer has a melt viscosity which is too high for the desired use, the polymer can be worked until its melt viscosity has been reduced to the desired range before addition of the stabilizer. Mixing is continued until the mixture is substantially uniform. The resulting composition is then removed from the mixing equipment and brought to the size and shape desired for marketing or use.

The stabilized polymer can be worked into the desired shape, such as by milling, calendering, extruding or injection molding or fiber-forming. In such operations, it will be found to have a considerably improved resistance to reduction in melt viscosity during the heating, as well as a better resistance to discoloration and embrittlement on ageing and heating.

The following Examples in the opinion of the inventors represent preferred embodiments of synthetic resin compositions containing the polyallyl(piperidyl)amine light stabilizers of the invention.

EXAMPLES 1 AND 2

Polypropylene compositions were prepared using a stabilizer of the invention and two of the prior art, and having the following formulation:

    ______________________________________     Ingredient             Parts by Weight     ______________________________________     Polypropylene          100     Stearyl β-3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl                            0.2     propionate     Stabilizer as shown in Table I                            0.3     ______________________________________

The compositions were thoroughly blended in a Brabender Plastograph, and then compression-molded to form sheets 0.3 mm thick. Pieces 2.5 cm² were cut off from the sheets and exposed to a high voltage mercury lamp, with and without immersion in hot water at 80° C. for fifteen hours. The hours to failure were noted, and the results are shown in Table I.

                                      TABLE I     __________________________________________________________________________                                   Hours to Failure                                             After Immersion     Stabilizer                    Without Immersion                                             for 15 hours     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 1           N,N',N",N'"Tetrakis[2,4-bis[N                                   560       460           (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)           butylamino]-1,3,5-triazine-6-yl]           triethylenetetramine     Control 2           N,N'Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-                                   510       430           piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine/           1,2-dibromethane condensate           (M.W. 3000-4000)     Example 1           Polymer of              780       710            ##STR65##       Example 2           Polymer of              750       650            ##STR66##     __________________________________________________________________________

The superiority of the stabilizer of the invention is apparent from the above data.

EXAMPLE 3

Conventional stabilizers for polymeric materials may lose their effectiveness because of volatilization or decomposition at high polymer processing temperatures. This is not true of the stabilizers of the invention, as shown by observing the effect of heat in repeated extrusions of ethylenepropylene copolymer compositions. These compositions were prepared using a stabilizer of the invention and of the prior art, and having the following formulation:

    ______________________________________     Ingredient             Parts by Weight     ______________________________________     Ethylene-propylene copolymer                            100     Ca stearate            0.2     Stearyl-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)                            0.1     propionate     Dilauryl thiodipropionate                            0.2     Stabilizer as shown in Table II                            0.2     ______________________________________

The ingredients were mixed and the compositions then extruded (cylinder temperature 230° C. and 240° C., head die temperature 250° C., velocity 20 rpm) five times. Test pieces were then molded by injection molding at 250° C. The test pieces were exposed to a high voltage mercury lamp, and the hours to failure noted, as shown in Table II.

                                      TABLE II     __________________________________________________________________________                                     Hours to Failure                                     Extruded                                          Extruded     Stabilizer                      1 time                                          5 times     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 1           N,N',N",N"'-Tetrakis[2,4-bis[N(2,2,6,6-                                     490  430           tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)butylamino]-1,3,5-           triazine-6-yl]triethylenetetramine     Control 2           N,N'Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)                                     460  340           hexamethylenediamine/1,2-dibromethane           condensate (M.W. 3000-4000)     Example 3           Polymer of                570  500            ##STR67##     __________________________________________________________________________

The superiority of the stabilizer of the invention is apparent from the above data.

EXAMPLES 4 TO 7

High density polyethylene compositions were prepared using a stabilizer of the invention and two of the prior art, and having the following formulation:

    ______________________________________     Ingredient             Parts by Weight     ______________________________________     High-density polyethylene                            100     Ca stearate             1     Tetrakis-(methylene-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-                            0.1     4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) methane     Distearylthiodipropionate                            0.3     Stabilizer as shown in Table III                            0.2     ______________________________________

The stabilizer was blended with the polymer on a two-roll mill and sheets 0.5 mm thick were prepared by compression-molding of the blend. Pieces 2.5 cm square were cut off from the sheets, and exposed in a Weather-O-Meter to ultraviolet light. The time in hours when degradation set in, as determined by a significant discoloration and/or embrittlement, was noted as hours to failure, and the results are reported in Table III:

                                      TABLE III     __________________________________________________________________________     Stabilizer                        Hours to Failure     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 1           N,N',N",N"'Tetrakis[2,4-bis[N(2,2,6,6-                                        780           tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)butylamino]-1,3,5-           triazine-6-yl]triethylenetetramine     Control 2           N,N'-Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)                                        710           hexamethylenediamine/1,2-dibromethane           condensate (M.W. 3000-4000)       Example 4           Polymer of                  1140            ##STR68##       Example 5           Polymer of                  1080            ##STR69##       Example 6           Polymer of                  1030            ##STR70##       Example 7           Polymer of                  1050            ##STR71##     __________________________________________________________________________

The superiority of the stabilizer of the invention is apparent from the above data.

EXAMPLES 8 AND 9

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer compositions were prepared using a stabilizer of the invention and two of the prior are, and having the following formulation:

    ______________________________________     Ingredient           Parts by Weight     ______________________________________     Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer                          100     2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol                          0.1     Ca stearate          0.1     Zn stearate          0.1     Diisodecylphenyl phosphite                          0.2     Stabilizer as shown in Table IV                          0.2     ______________________________________

The stabilizer was blended with the polymer on a two-roll mill at 130° C. and sheets 0.4 mm thick were then compression-molded at 140° C. from the resulting blend. Pieces 2.5 cm square were cut off from the sheets and exposed to ultraviolet light in a Weather-O-Meter for 500 hours. At the start and at the conclusion of the test, tensile strength of the sheet samples was determined. The results are shown in Table IV as percent retention of the initially determined tensile strength:

                                      TABLE IV     __________________________________________________________________________                                   % Retention of Tensile     Stabilizer                    Strength After 500 Hours     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 1           N,N',N",N'"Tetrakis[2,4-bis[N                                   73           (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)           butylamino]-1,3,5-triazine-6-yl]           triethylenetetramine     Control 2           N,N'Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-                                   69           piperidyl) hexamethylenediamine/           1,2-dibromethane condensate           (M.W. 3000-4000)     Example 8           Polymer of              76            ##STR72##       Example 9           Polymer of              77            ##STR73##     __________________________________________________________________________

The superiority of the stabilizer of the invention is apparent from the above data.

EXAMPLES 10 AND 11

A group of polyvinyl chloride resin compositions was prepared having the following formulation:

    ______________________________________     Ingredient          Parts by Weight     ______________________________________     Polyvinyl chloride  100     Dioctylphthalate     48     Epoxidized soybean oil                          2     Tris(nonyl phenyl) phosphite                         0.2     Ca stearate         1.0     Zn stearate         0.1     Stabilizer as shown in Table V                         0.3     ______________________________________

This formulation was blended and sheeted off on a two-roll mill to form sheets 1 mm thick. The light resistance of these sheets was then determined by placing strips 1 cm wide in a Weather-O-Meter, and exposing them to ultraviolet light. The time in hours was then noted for the sheets to develop a noticeable discoloration and/or embrittlement, indicating deterioration due to oxidation in the presence of ultraviolet light.

The following results were obtained:

                                      TABLE V     __________________________________________________________________________     Stabilizer                    Hours to Failure     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 1           None                    180     Control 2           N,N',N",N'"Tetrakis[2,4-bis[N(2,2,6,6-                                   550           tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)butylamino]-1,3,5-           triazine-6-yl]triethylenetetramine     Control 3           N,N'Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)                                   520           hexamethylenediamine/1,2-dibromethane           condensate (M.W. 3000-4000)     Example 10           Polymer of              720            ##STR74##           (Polymer C)       Example 11           Polymer of              780            ##STR75##           (Polymer E)     __________________________________________________________________________

The superiority of the stabilizer of the invention is apparent from the above data.

EXAMPLES 12 TO 14

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer resin compositions were prepared using a stabilizer of the invention and two of the prior art, and having the following formulations:

    ______________________________________     Ingredient            Parts by Weight     ______________________________________     Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene                           100     terpolymer     4,4'-Butylidene-bis(2-t-butyl-m-cresol)                           0.1     Stabilizer as shown in Table VI                           0.3     ______________________________________

The stabilizer was blended with the resin on a two-roll mill, and sheets 3 mm thick were prepared by compression molding of the resulting blend. Pieces 2.5 cm square were cut off from the sheets, and subjected to ultraviolet light in a Weather-O-Meter for 800 hours. Tensile strength before and after the test exposure was determined, and the results reported as the percent of tensile strength retained, at the end of this time, in Table VI.

                                      TABLE VI     __________________________________________________________________________                                        % Tensile     Stabilizer                         Strength Retained     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 1           N,N',N",N'"Tetrakis[2,4-bis[N                                        66           (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)           butylamino]-1,3,5-triazine-6-yl]           triethylenetetramine     Control 2           N,N'Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-                                        61           piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine/           1,2-dibromethane condensate           (M.W. 3000-4000)     Example 12           Polymer of                   80            ##STR76##           (Polymer B)       Example 13           Polymer of                   78            ##STR77##           (Polymer F)       Example 14           Polymer of                   81            ##STR78##           (Polymer J)     __________________________________________________________________________

The superiority of the stabilizer of the invention is apparent from the above data.

EXAMPLES 15 AND 16

Polyurethane resin compositions were prepared using a stabilizer of the invention and having the following formulation:

    ______________________________________     Ingredient          Parts by Weight     ______________________________________     Polyurethane resin (Asahi Denka                         100     U-100).sup.1     Ca stearate         0.7     Zn stearate         0.3     2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol                         0.1     Stabilizer as shown in Table VII                         0.3     ______________________________________      .sup.1 A polyurethaneisocyanurate made from toluene diisocyanate and      alkylene polyol.

The stabilizer was blended with the finely powdered polyurethane resin on a two-roll mill for five minutes at 70° C., and the sheet was then compression-molded at 120° C. for five minutes to form sheets 0.5 mm thick. Pieces 2.5 cm square were cut out from the sheets, and exposed to ultraviolet light in a Weather-O-Meter for thirty hours. Elongation before and after exposure was determined, and the percent elongation retained after the exposure is given in Table VII.

                                      TABLE VII     __________________________________________________________________________     Stabilizer                       % Elongation Retained     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 1           N,N',N",N'"Tetrakis[2,4-bis[N(2,2,6,6-                                      60           tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)butylamino]-1,3,5-           triazine-6-yl]triethylenetetramine     Control 2           N,N'Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)                                      58           hexamethylenediamine/1,2-dibromethane           condensate (M.W. 3000-4000)     Example 15           Polymer of                 70            ##STR79##           (Polymer D)       Example 16           Polymer of                 72            ##STR80##           (Polymer G)     __________________________________________________________________________

The superiority of the stabilizer of the invention is apparent from the above data.

EXAMPLES 17 AND 18

The stabilizers of this invention are effective as light stabilizer for coatings.

The effect of the stabilizer in a two-coat metallic effect finish, comprising a metallic effect priming lacquer, and a unpigmented finishing lacquer, was determined.

(a) Metallic effect priming lacquer

Methyl methacrylate 100 g, n-butylacrylate 66 g, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 30 g, methacrylic acid 4 g, xylene 80 g and n-butanol 20 g were heated and stirred at 110° C., and a solution of azo-bis(isobutyronitrile) 2 g, dodecylmercaptan 0.5 g, xylene 80 g and n-butanol 20 g was added dropwise over 3 hours.

The solution was stirred an additional 2 hours at 110° C. The resulting acrylic resin solution, 12 parts, butoxylated methylolmelamine (Mitsui-Toatsu Co., Yuban 20SE60; solids content 60%) 2.5 parts; cellulose acetobutyrate (20% butylacetate solution) 50 parts; aluminium pigment (Toyo Aluminium Co., Alpaste 1123N) 5.5 parts, xylene 10 parts, butylacetate 20 parts; and copper phthalocyanine blue 0.2 parts were blended.

(b) Unpigmented finishing lacquer

The above acrylic resin solution 48 parts; butoxylatedmethylolmelamine 10 parts; xylene 10 parts; butoxyethylacetate 4 parts; and stabilizer as shown in Table VIII 0.15 part; were blended.

Pieces of steel sheeting which were coated with a primer, were first coated with the priming lacquer, and subsequently coated with the finishing lacquer. The priming lacquer was sprayed on to a thickness of about 20μ, and aired for 10 minutes. Then the clear lacquer was sprayed on, to a thickness of about 30μ. After being aired 15 minutes, the samples were heated in an oven for 30 minutes at 140° C.

The coated sheets were exposed to ultraviolet light in a Weather-O-Meter. The time in hours when degradation set in, as determined by cracking on the surface of sheet, was noted as hours to failure, and the results are shown in Table VIII.

                                      TABLE VIII     __________________________________________________________________________     Stabilizer                         Hours to Failure     __________________________________________________________________________     Control 1           None                         1600     Control 2           N,N',N",N'"Tetrakis[2,4-bis[N(2,2,6,6-                                        2800           tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)butylamino]-1,3,5-           triazine-6-yl]triethylenetetramine     Control 3           N,N'Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)                                        2400           hexamethylenediamine/1,2-dibromethane           condensate (M.W. 3000-4000)     Example 17           Polymer of                   3800            ##STR81##           (Polymer C)       Example 18           Polymer of                   4100            ##STR82##           (Polymer J)     __________________________________________________________________________

The superiority of the stabilizer of the invention is apparent from the above data. 

Having regard to the foregoing disclosure, the following is claimed as the inventive and patentable embodiments thereof:
 1. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides having the formula: ##STR83## wherein: R is alkylene or alkyleneoxy having from one to about six carbon atoms and m is 0 or 1;R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; oxyl; alkyl and hydroxyalkyl having from one to about eighteen carbon atoms; alkylaryl having from seven to about eighteen carbon atoms; epoxy alkyl having from three to about eighteen carbon atoms; and acyl having from two to about eighteen carbon atoms; and Y is selected from the group consisting of ##STR84## where R₂ and R₃ are hydrogen or alkyl having from one to about eight carbon atoms and n is 0 or 1; Z is selected from the group consisting of ##STR85## in which R₄, R₅ and R₆ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl having from one to about eighteen carbon atoms; cycloalkyl having from three to about twelve carbon atoms; and aryl having from six to about thirty carbon atoms.
 2. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which R is alkylene and m is
 1. 3. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which R is alkyleneoxy and m is
 1. 4. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which m is
 0. 5. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which R₁ is hydrogen.
 6. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which R₁ is alkyl.
 7. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which R₁ is acyl.
 8. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which R₁ is epoxyalkyl.
 9. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which R₁ is alkylaryl.
 10. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which Y is OCH<.
 11. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which Y is ##STR86##
 12. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which Y is ##STR87##
 13. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which Z is ##STR88##
 14. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which Z is --OR₄.
 15. Diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1 in which Z is ##STR89##
 16. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 1, having a molecular weight within the range from about 800 to about 20,000.
 17. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which R is alkylene and m is
 1. 18. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which R is alkyleneoxy and m is
 1. 19. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which m is
 0. 20. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which R₁ is hydrogen.
 21. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which R₁ is alkyl.
 22. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which R₁ is acyl.
 23. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which R₁ is epoxyalkyl.
 24. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which R₁ is alkylaryl.
 25. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which Y is --OCH<.
 26. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which Y is ##STR90##
 27. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which Y is ##STR91##
 28. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which Z is ##STR92##
 29. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which Z is OR₄.
 30. Polymers of diallyl amino-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl)carboxylic acid esters and amides according to claim 16 in which Z is ##STR93##
 31. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition having improved resistance to deterioration when exposed to light, comprising a polyvinyl chloride resin formed at least in part of the recurring group: ##STR94## and having a chlorine content in excess of 49%, where X is either hydrogen or chlorine, and an amount sufficient to improve resistance to deterioration of the resin of a compound in accordance with claim
 16. 32. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 31 in which the polyvinyl chloride resin is polyvinyl chloride homopolymer.
 33. A polyvinyl chloride resin composition in accordance with claim 31 in which the polyvinyl chloride resin is a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate.
 34. An olefin polymer composition having improved resistance to deterioration comprising an olefin polymer selected from the group consisting of polymers of alphaolefins having from two to six carbon atoms and polystyrene, and an amount sufficient to improve resistance to deterioration of the resin of a compound in accordance with claim
 16. 35. An olefin polymer composition in accordance with claim 34 wherein the polyolefin is polypropylene.
 36. An olefin polymer composition in accordance with claim 34 wherein the polyolefin is polyethylene.
 37. An olefin polymer composition in accordance with claim 34 wherein the polyolefin is ethylene-propylene copolymer.
 38. An acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer having improved resistance to deterioration when exposed to light comprising an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer and an amount sufficient to improve resistance to deterioration of the resin of a compound in accordance with claim
 16. 39. A polyurethane resin composition having improved resistance to deterioration comprising a polyurethane resin and an amount sufficient to improve resistance to deterioration of the resin of a compound in accordance with claim
 16. 